Evictions Lead to Higher Death Rates

Data reveals potential impact of the expiration of the federal eviction moratorium
A man sits outside before a cityscape, in an era when many are experiencing evictions.

Credit: Omar López

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. state governments have been struggling with how to support tenants and homeowners and prevent evictions. Many have imposed eviction moratoriums, while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ordered a halt to residential evictions in September. That order was set to expire on Dec. 31, but has been extended under the COVID-19 relief bill until the end of January.

Evictions have been shown to have a devastating impact on death rates. A recent study, “Expiring Eviction Moratoriums and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality,” analyzed 44 U.S. states that had implemented eviction moratoriums from March 13 to Sept. 3, 2020. Researchers found that the 27 states that had lifted eviction moratoriums during the study period experienced a 1.6 times higher incidence of COVID-19 after 10 weeks, adjusting for variables including testing, stay-at-home orders, school closures and mask mandates.

These states also experienced a 1.6 times greater death rate at seven weeks, a ratio which increased to 5.4 at 16 weeks or more — translating to an estimated additional 10,700 deaths nationally. The study, which has yet to be peer-reviewed, was released in pre-print format on Nov. 30, 2020.

States such as Texas, which both has a larger population and lifted its moratorium early, have seen the most significant impact, said Katherine Leifheit, a lead researcher on the study from UCLA’s Fielding School of Public Health. “It’s surprising, and it’s troubling, and these are deaths that could have been prevented had the states maintained their moratoriums,” she told NPR.

Vulnerable Populations Face Higher Rates of Evictions, Death

Evictions are resuting in higher death rates, particularly for vulnerable populations.

Many individuals are losing their homes.

An estimated 2.4 to 4.9 million Americans are at risk of eviction once the moratorium expires, according to an analysis by global financial advisory firm Stout. Studies have shown that Black and Latinx people are disproportionately affected by evictions, while women are evicted more often than men.

In some states, people have been evicted despite the moratorium. Some, such as Tawanda Mormon, who was required to leave her Cleveland apartment, are unaware of the federal order, while others fall through cracks, encounter loopholes or face inconsistent application of the rules. “We are seeing variations in the way courts are applying the CDC order, and we are also seeing a lack of knowledge among tenants and property owners,” Emily Benfer, a law professor at Wake Forest University who chairs the American Bar Association’s COVID-19 task force committee on evictions, told CBS News.

The poorest and most vulnerable are at greatest risk — including Jamaira Watson, who lost her hotel job due to the pandemic and was falling behind on rent when she and her elderly mother both contracted COVID-19, preventing her from taking a new position at a factory. “I had a nervous breakdown,” Watson told the Connecticut Mirror. Watson discussed moving in with a friend despite fear of contagion, while her mother sought similar help, until they obtained a court order to stay the eviction until February.

Those evicted are not the only ones affected, as the friends, family or other homeless individuals they come in contact with also face increased risk of exposure to COVID-19. “It hurts the whole community,” Madeline Howard, a senior housing attorney at the Western Center on Law and Poverty, said in an interview with the Bay Area Newsgroup.

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“Your absence has gone through me like thread through a needle. Everything I do is stitched with its color.”

- W.S. Merwin
colors of absence in night sky

Credit: nasa.gov

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Posted in A Rite of Passage | 2 Comments

“I Remember Everything” by John Prine

The late music icon reflects on a long, full life in his final recording

song about looking back on lifeFolk legend John Prine died of COVID-19 complications in April 2020, leaving behind a musical legacy that spanned generations and influenced such iconic figures as Bonnie Raitt and John Cougar Mellencamp. A former mail carrier who grew up listening to Johnny Cash, Little Richard and the Carter Family, Prine quickly gained acclaim for his wry, thoughtful songwriting and everyman appeal.

Prine was 73 when he developed COVID-19 symptoms, eventually succumbing to complications shortly after his European tour and at the beginning of the pandemic. For decades, his songs had served to shine a light on the lives, loves and sorrows of ordinary people, telling simple but meaningful stories through plainspoken verse. A few months after his death, his estate released a video of the last song he wrote, “I Remember Everything.”

Unlike his earlier song about death, “When I Get to Heaven,” “I Remember Everything” is more poignant than playful. It shows the perspective of someone looking back on a long, full life, reflecting on the memories and details that remain.

I’ve been down this road before
I remember every tree
Every single blade of grass
Holds a special place for me
And I remember every town
And every hotel room
And every song I ever sang
On a guitar out of tune

John Prine with guitar - "I Remember Everything"

Credit: John Prine Official Facebook Page

As with so many of his songs, Prine manages to convey heartfelt emotion without falling into melancholy or over-sentimentality. This isn’t a song about how all of life is grand and we should cherish every moment, and neither is it some grim rumination on mortality. Prine looks back through the good and the bad with equal tenderness.

I remember everything
Things I can’t forget
Swimming pools of butterflies
That slipped right through the net
And I remember every night
Your ocean eyes of blue
How I miss you in the morning light
Like roses miss the dew

These last two lines are repeated three times throughout the song. This seems to be at the heart of “I Remember Everything”: At the end of life, what we remember most are the people we love and the moments we shared with them.

Prine’s death was one of hundreds of thousands of losses we felt in 2020 — to COVID-19 and to other causes as well. As many of us look ahead to a new year without someone we love, Prine’s work can give us wisdom and solace in a profoundly uncertain time.

Listen to Prine perform “I Remember Everything” in the video below.

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Scientists Uncover New Ways to Determine Time of Death

Researchers have been testing unique methods to peg time of death more accurately
A scientist performs blood analysis, one of many ways to determine time of death.

Credit: Edward Jenner

As anyone who’s watched the popular CBS TV series Crime Scene Investigation can tell you, forensic pathologists have long relied on tried-and-true methods to identify the time of death for a newly discovered body. Yet these approaches are limited, often forcing investigators to depend on estimates. Fortunately, scientists around the globe have been developing new and more accurate means to determine time of death that could revolutionize our understanding of what’s happened to victims of crime, accidents and other ambiguous circumstances.

Examiners rely on various means to fix time of death, including post-mortem changes to eyes and skin; algor mortis, or the cooling of the body; rigor mortis, or muscle stiffening; livor mortis, or skin discoloration; and blood and skin analysis, among others. One common approach is Henssge’s nomogram, which involves taking a rectal temperature of the body at the scene and combining it with ambient temperature and body weight to determine time of death.

But some, including Maurice Aalders, a professor of Forensic Biophysics at the University of Amsterdam’s Academic Medical Center, find Hennsge’s approach faulty, as it fails to factor in variables such as whether the person was thin or heavy. “This implies that the results are not that reliable,” Aalders said in an article authored by the University of Amsterdam on Phys.org. Aalders added that the invasive nature of Henssge’s nomogram could also disturb the gathering of evidence.

In May, Aalders joined other researchers at the University of Amsterdam and the Netherlands Forensic Institute to publish a paper detailing a novel approach to determining time of death in the journal Science Advances. The computational method takes various measurements of a corpse’s temperature using thermal cameras or sensors and makes adaptations for body type, clothes coverage and other variables. It was found accurate within an average of 38 minutes from the exact time of death for four humans that had died between five to 50 hours prior, the paper said. Researchers are now exploring capturing a 3D image to further analyze posture, body type and other factors, Aalders added in the Phys.org article.

 Advances to Fix Time of Death for Submerged Bodies

A woman submerged in water.

Credit: Neemias Seara

Meanwhile, researchers in the U.K. have identified a possible biomarker to determine the time of death for corpses that have been submerged in water. Such circumstances can be particularly challenging, as variables such as salinity, temperature, tides and bacteria can affect the decomposition process.

But the team at Northumbria University in Newcastle studied mice that had been submerged in tap water, chlorinated water, salt water and pond water and found that the proteins in their bones changed more based on the length of time submerged than on the type of water. The findings — the first to bring proteomics, or the study of proteins, in bones into aquatic forensic science — were published in the Journal of Proteome Research in April.

Co-author Noemi Procopio recently told Ars Technica that the researchers hope to next explore the effects of temperature and other variables on time of death and to eventually move on to human bodies.

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Posted in Science of Us | Leave a comment

Happy New Year from SevenPonds!

May you and your loved ones enjoy a healthy, happy and loving 2021

Happy New Year wreath

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“A Monster Calls” by Patrick Ness, Illustrated by Jim Kay

In this book, 13-year-old Conor dreams about a monster, but the words he's afraid to say about his dying mother are much scarier
"A Monster Calls" book cover evokes grief of young son whose mother dies of cancer

The cover art and illustrations in “A Monster Calls” evoke the grief and inner turmoil of a 13-year-old boy whose mother is dying of cancer.
Credit: Amazon.com

“A Monster Calls” was an award-winning young adult novel before it was a movie based on the book. Written by Patrick Ness and illustrated by Jim Kay, the book grew from an original idea by author Siobhan Dowd, who died before being able to complete the book herself. It’s the story of Conor, a 13-year-old boy in a small town in England. His mother is sick with an unnamed illness, but we recognize it as cancer: The treatments make her throw up and her hair has fallen out. Conor makes his own breakfast and packs his own lunch for school because she no longer has the strength to do those things for him. Conor’s mum, as the book calls her, has been sick for a long time, and now the treatments aren’t working.

Everyone in the story — Conor, his mum, his grandma who doesn’t fit comfortably into his life, his dad who moved to the U.S. after the divorce — everyone knows something is coming. But no one wants to name it. Some words are too hard to say.

So a monster visits Conor in his dreams. It takes the form of a yew tree roaring to life, uprooting itself from the nearby church cemetery on powerful legs. It tears through the walls of Conor’s bedroom, calling in fierce gusts of earthy wind: “I have come to get you, Conor O’Malley.” The monster grabs the boy in its tree-branch hands night after night, but it doesn’t want to tear him limb from limb. Instead, it wants something far more frightening, which is for Conor to tell it a story — a true story, and one story in particular. In one nightmare scene, the monster says this to Conor about his story as it holds him in its fist:

“You know that your truth, the one that you hide, Conor O’Malley, is the thing you are most afraid of.”

Conor stopped squirming.

It couldn’t mean —

There was no way it could mean —

There was no way it could know that.

Waking from this and other nightmares, Conor has to somehow navigate “normal” life, too: bullies, overdue school assignments, hurt friendships. Everyone at school knows his mum is sick. Everyone looks at him differently now, or they look away. It’s hard when we don’t know what to say. It’s harder still, terrifically harder, when we know what we want to say but do not dare say it.

Throughout the book, Jim Kay’s black-and-white illustrations swirl around the text, churning as Conor tries to hold everything in his head and not let the words out.

The person writing this book review is a writer who will always be fond of words on paper. I love and value the movie versions of stories, but I find that holding a book in my hands lets me linger where I need to. My own mother died when I was 7, not from cancer but suicide, and there were a lot of very difficult words no one said out loud to me. The adults in my life wanted me to know what happened but were afraid telling me would hurt me. It was years (decades, if I’m being honest) before they understood they could tell me about my mom’s life, illness and death and trust that I wanted to know and that I believed knowing was worth the hurt. So as I read “A Monsters Calls,” I found myself rereading lines like these, where Conor’s mum tells him the latest cancer treatment isn’t working, but she does not tell him that she’s dying:

“This latest treatment’s not doing what it’s supposed to,” she said. “All that means is they’re going to have to adjust it, try something else.”

“Is that it?” Conor asked.

She nodded. “That’s it. There’s lots more they can do. It’s normal. Don’t worry.”

“You’re sure?”

“I’m sure.”

“Because,” and here Conor stopped for a second and looked down at the floor. “Because you could tell me, you know.”

“A Monster Calls” does not say the words cancer, dying or death.  Instead, the pages say these words over and over: kindness, believing, lies, selfishness, punishment, healing, good and bad, stories, truth.

Siobhan Dowd, whose idea sparked “A Monster Calls,” knew what those words meant. Dowd was a lifelong activist for writing, reading and freedom of speech who began writing award-winning novels for young people. But she died from breast cancer before she could write everything she wanted to, and at the time of her death in 2007, “A Monster Calls” was a concept, a family of characters, and opening pages. Dowd wanted her publisher to find an author to do the rest of the writing for her. The publisher reached out to Patrick Ness, and Ness agreed to write the story.

Patrick Ness is author of book "A Monster Calls"

Patrick Ness agreed to take on writing the book “A Monster Calls” after author Siobhan Dowd died of breast cancer before she could finish it.

This book was written for young adults, but it’s for all of us. If you’re reading this book review, you’ve lived long enough to have loved and grieved. You’ve probably wrestled with desperately wanting to both know and not know. You’ve shared the human experience of being overwhelmed both by wanting to say it and wanting never ever to have to say those words out loud.

The book “A Monster Calls” does not pull its punches. It tells the truth that yes, living means dying and loving people means you may lose them. As Conor’s father says, “Stories don’t always have happy endings.” But this book reassures us that telling our stories to each other in books, movies and other media — and saying those hardest words out loud — can help us heal.

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Posted in Lending Insight | 2 Comments